Richard Jordan Gatling (1818-1903) was not an engineer or a gun maker - he graduated as a medical doctor from the Ohio Medical College in 1849. However, his passion for mechanical tinkering brought him over 50 patents by the time he died, including one for a steam plough in 1902. His first patent (No. 36836) was issued on November 4, 1862, covering "Improvement in Revolving Battery Guns". Of the five features protected, the two most important were the lock cylinder (with strikers inside) revolving with the barrels, and separate strikers for each barrel. Initially, the first six Gatling guns were contracted to Miles H. Greenwood & Co. while Gatling was in partnership with McWhinny & Rindge in Cincinnati, OH. In 1865, Gatling severed this relationship with McWhinny & Rindge and signed a contract with Cooper Fire Arms Mfg. Co. (of Cooper's percussion revolvers) located in Philadelphia, PA. Although a few Gatlings are rumored to have seen Civil War service, it was not until the official adoption by the U.S. government in 1866 that the machine gun became a popular and promising military weapon. The complete development from the First Model, 1862, through the last, Models 1903-1906, is covered in the illustrations and basic details that follow.
A note of interest regarding the Gatling Gun Company itself - beginning with the Model 1866, all of the firm's American-made products were manufactured by Colt. In 1874, Gatling and his family moved to Hartford, CT, where they lived until 1897. At the same time, the Gatling Gun Company main office moved from Indianapolis, Indiana, to Hartford and it was incorporated under Connecticut State law. Colt officials served on the board of Gatling, and manufacturing was done in the same Hartford factory where the handguns, rifles, and shotguns were made. As of 1897, Gatling himself had been succeeded as company president by John J. Hall and Lewis C. Grover, both concurrently serving as executives of Colt's. In effect, the Gatling Gun Company had been absorbed by the Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company.
Gatling Gun refers to a rifle configuration utilizing multiple barrels and box magazine (either gravity-fed or spring loaded), which is operated by rotating a hand crank on either the side or back of the gun. Almost all Gatling guns were manufactured by Colt (circa 1866-1911), and a few British manufacturers. The Gatling Gun Company was formed as the sales organization and was originally located in Indianapolis, IN, circa 1866-1874. In 1874, the Gatling Gun Company was moved to Hartford, CT. Gatling guns remain as perhaps America's most iconic firearms configuration.