GATLING GUNS

Richard Jordan Gatling (1818-1903) was not an engineer or a gun maker - he graduated as a medical doctor from the Ohio Medical College in 1849. However, his passion for mechanical tinkering brought him over 50 patents by the time he died, including one for a steam plough in 1902. His first patent (No. 36836) was issued on November 4, 1862, covering "Improvement in Revolving Battery Guns". Of the five features protected, the two most important were the lock cylinder (with strikers inside) revolving with the barrels, and separate strikers for each barrel. Initially, the first six Gatling guns were contracted to Miles H. Greenwood & Co. while Gatling was in partnership with McWhinny & Rindge in Cincinnati, OH. In 1865, Gatling severed this relationship with McWhinny & Rindge and signed a contract with Cooper Fire Arms Mfg. Co. (of Cooper's percussion revolvers) located in Philadelphia, PA. Although a few Gatlings are rumored to have seen Civil War service, it was not until the official adoption by the U.S. government in 1866 that the machine gun became a popular and promising military weapon. The complete development from the First Model, 1862, through the last, Models 1903-1906, is covered in the illustrations and basic details that follow.
A note of interest regarding the Gatling Gun Company itself - beginning with the Model 1866, all of the firm's American-made products were manufactured by Colt. In 1874, Gatling and his family moved to Hartford, CT, where they lived until 1897. At the same time, the Gatling Gun Company main office moved from Indianapolis, Indiana, to Hartford and it was incorporated under Connecticut State law. Colt officials served on the board of Gatling, and manufacturing was done in the same Hartford factory where the handguns, rifles, and shotguns were made. As of 1897, Gatling himself had been succeeded as company president by John J. Hall and Lewis C. Grover, both concurrently serving as executives of Colt's. In effect, the Gatling Gun Company had been absorbed by the Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company.
Gatling Gun refers to a rifle configuration utilizing multiple barrels and box magazine (either gravity-fed or spring loaded), which is operated by rotating a hand crank on either the side or back of the gun. Almost all Gatling guns were manufactured by Colt (circa 1866-1911), and a few British manufacturers. The Gatling Gun Company was formed as the sales organization and was originally located in Indianapolis, IN, circa 1866-1874. In 1874, the Gatling Gun Company was moved to Hartford, CT. Gatling guns remain as perhaps America's most iconic firearms configuration.

GATLING GUNS Antiques Models

FIRST MODEL 1862 Image

FIRST MODEL 1862

.58 rimfire cal., open slots or breeches revolved for firing cycle, striker ignites percussion cap, 200 rounds per minute, gun is mounted to yoke which is fastened to artillery-type carriage, six rifled barrels. This first gun by Gatling, e...

SECOND MODEL 1862 Image

SECOND MODEL 1862

.58 rimfire cal., Second model used a wedge to jam chambers against the barrel in firing. This had one main disadvantage. This was the resistance of the wedge on the strikers, making rotating with the hand crank extremely difficult. Approx....

MODEL 1865 Image

MODEL 1865

.50-70-450 centerfire cal., gravity-fed box magazine, 6 (most common) or 10 (rare) exposed barrels, chambers were integral with barrels, bronze, plaque on steel breech housing, and plaque bearing the Colt name and address in addition to the...

IMPROVED MODEL 1866 Image

IMPROVED MODEL 1866

.50-70-450 centerfire or 1 in. cal., gravity-fed box magazine, 6 (most common) or 10 (rare) exposed barrels, chambers were integral with barrels, bronze plaque on steel breech housing, and plaque bearing the Colt name and address in additio...

MODEL 1871-1873 Image

MODEL 1871-1873

.50-70-450 centerfire cal., 10 barrels standard, (5 or 6 barrels optional). This model was an improved version of the Model 1865. New guns included breech bolts of heavier modified construction, a port of servicing located in the breech hou...

MODELS 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877 Image

MODELS 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877

.45-70 Govt. or .50-70 cal. This model became the Model 1874. This new model was its bronze housing with the beginning of the collector named "Classic Gatlings". It was made in long and short ("Camel Gun") types, and als...

Model 1874 Image

Model 1874

.45-70 Govt. cal., 32 in. barrels. This new model with its bronze housing was the beginning of the collector named "Classic Gatlings". It was made in long and short ("Camel Gun") types, and also on order, in other calibe...

Model 1874 Camel Gun Image

Model 1874 Camel Gun

.45-70 Govt. cal., 18 in. barrels, adj. rear sight and folding front sight, bronze breech and marking plate, plate was cast with Colt address and Gatling patent markings, 135 lbs. Mfg. 1874.

Model 1875 Image

Model 1875

.45-70 Govt. cal., barrels encased in bronze shroud, major improvements from the Model 1874 were beveled bolt faces, fixed front sight, and higher walls on hopper. A special Navy Model was mfg. in some quantity. Mfg. 1875.

Model 1876 Image

Model 1876

.45-70 Govt. cal., hopper was moved to the center of gun (from left side), cartridge guides were adopted, breech bolt edge bevel was improved, number of screws on interior of breech casing increased, and a new lock of headspace adjustment s...

Model 1877 Image

Model 1877

.45-70 Govt. cal., improvements include long model with new feed hopper, and a faster pitch to gears (increasing the rate of fire). Cam type oscillator no longer appears after this model.

Model 1877 Bulldog Image

Model 1877 Bulldog

.45-70 cal., gravity-fed magazine, 18 in. barrels, (5 barrels standard), oval bronze plate on breech embossed with Colt and Gatling patent marking, serial number on casing near right trunnion. This gun is a popular and highly regarded gun,...

MODEL 1879 Image

MODEL 1879

.45-70 cal., trapezoidal box magazine, gravity fed Colt and Gatling markings on breech, hand engraved, ten 32 in. barrels. This model introduced the flexible yoke with its pointing bar, 200 lbs. (without mounts).

MODEL 1881 Image

MODEL 1881

differed from the Model 1879 in having a modified hopper for use of the Bruce feed. This new gravity device carried two rows of cartridges, which were fed into the hopper through a single opening at the magazine's base.

MODEL 1883, 1885, 1886, 1887 Image

MODEL 1883, 1885, 1886, 1887

.45-70 Govt. cal., hand engraved Gatling markings on breech, Colt markings on casing at trunnion area, ten enclosed 32 in. barrels, two sets of sights, one for .45-70-405 cartridges (left side), the other for .45-70-500 (right). Spirit leve...

MODELS 1889, 1891, 1892 Image

MODELS 1889, 1891, 1892

.45-70 cal., ten 32 in. exposed barrels, considered an improved Model 1881; with hopper adapted for either a specific design of Bruce feed or the old pattern of gravity-fed magazines and cyclic rate of 525 rounds per minute. Colt and Gatlin...

MODEL 1893 Image

MODEL 1893

strip-style magazine (most were eventually altered to the Bruce Feed because of mechanical problems), 10 barrels, chambered for .30-40 Krag cartridges, and having changes from the Models of 1889, 1891, and 1892 as follows: longer breech bol...

MODEL 1893 BULLDOG  (POLICE GATLING) Image

MODEL 1893 BULLDOG (POLICE GATLING)

.45-70 Govt. cal., six barrels, feed is positive, enabling it to be fired at the rate of 800 shots per minute at all angles of elevation and depression. One of the rarest and perhaps the most interesting arms in the complete Gatling line. T...

MODEL 1895 Image

MODEL 1895

.30-40 Krag. (most were converted by the Armory to .30-06 shortly after the introduction and adoption of that cartridge), minor differences from the Model 1893 Gatling: rebounding hammers in breech bolts, special hard bronze for hopper and...

MODEL 1900 Image

MODEL 1900

.30-40 Krag. (most were converted by the Armory to .30-06 shortly after the introduction and adoption of that cartridge), U.S. Navy markings on top of barrel casing, differed little from the 1893 and 1895 models, and not believed to be pain...

MODEL 1903 Image

MODEL 1903

.30-03 cal. (most were converted by the Armory to .30-06 shortly after the introduction and adoption of that cartridge), otherwise similar to the Model 1900.

MODEL 1903-1906 Image

MODEL 1903-1906

.30-06 cal., the -06 marking refers to conversions of the Model 1903 to .30-06 cal. 34 were altered at Colt's in 1907 (Serial #1128 to #1159). The Springfield Armory had converted 137 more by 1909. These altered arms were marked -06 after t...